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  搬砖中。。。
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<strong>发展阶段</strong>：初始阶段、传播阶段、控制阶段、集成阶段、数据管理阶段、成熟阶段</p> <h4 id="信息系统的分类"><a href="#信息系统的分类" class="header-anchor">#</a> 信息系统的分类</h4> <p><strong>信息系统类型</strong>：业务处理系统TPS、管理信息系统MIS、决策支持系统DSS、专家系统ES、办公自动化系统OAS、
<img alt="" data-src="/images/sad/%E5%BF%85%E4%BF%AE3-1-%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%9A%84%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB.png" loading="lazy" class="lazy"></p> <h4 id="信息系统的生命周期"><a href="#信息系统的生命周期" class="header-anchor">#</a> 信息系统的生命周期</h4> <p><strong>产生</strong>：概念、需求分析</p> <p><strong>开发</strong>：总体规划、系统分析、系统设计、系统实施、验收</p> <p><strong>运行</strong>：维护</p> <p><strong>消亡</strong>：归档存储、切换过度</p> <h4 id="信息系统的建设原则"><a href="#信息系统的建设原则" class="header-anchor">#</a> 信息系统的建设原则</h4> <p>高层人员介入</p> <p>用户参与开发</p> <p>自顶向下规划</p> <p>发展性：超前性</p> <p>创新：先进性</p> <p>整体性：完整性</p> <p>经济性：使用性</p> <p>工程化</p> <h4 id="信息系统的开发方法"><a href="#信息系统的开发方法" class="header-anchor">#</a> 信息系统的开发方法</h4> <p>结构化</p> <p>原型</p> <p>面向对象</p> <p>面向服务</p> <h3 id="_1-2-信息系统基础知识-二"><a href="#_1-2-信息系统基础知识-二" class="header-anchor">#</a> 1-2 信息系统基础知识（二）</h3> <h4 id="业务处理系统tps"><a href="#业务处理系统tps" class="header-anchor">#</a> 业务处理系统TPS</h4> <p><strong>特点</strong>：最初级和基础的系统、日常和周期性业务操作、结构化方法</p> <h4 id="管理信息系统mis"><a href="#管理信息系统mis" class="header-anchor">#</a> 管理信息系统MIS</h4> <p><img alt="" data-src="/images/sad/%E5%BF%85%E4%BF%AE3-2-%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9FMIS.png" loading="lazy" class="lazy"></p> <p><img alt="" data-src="/images/sad/%E5%BF%85%E4%BF%AE3-3-%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9FMIS-2.png" loading="lazy" class="lazy"></p> <h4 id="决策支持系统"><a href="#决策支持系统" class="header-anchor">#</a> 决策支持系统</h4> <p>功能：</p> <ul><li>整理和提供数据与外部信息、反馈信息</li> <li>运用模型和方法进行数据加工，产生决策支持信息</li> <li>人机对话窗口和图形加工输出</li> <li>支持分布式使用</li></ul> <p>特点：</p> <ul><li>面向决策者、为决策者服务</li> <li>支持半结构化问题决策</li> <li>辅助和支持决策者</li> <li>提醒决策过程动态性</li> <li>提倡交互处理</li></ul> <p>组成：</p> <ul><li>初级的重组与确认</li> <li>数据字典的建立</li> <li>数据挖掘和智能体</li> <li>模型建立</li></ul> <p>建立模型的方法</p> <ul><li>穷举法</li> <li>算法模型</li> <li>启发式</li> <li>模拟仿真</li></ul> <h4 id="专家系统"><a href="#专家系统" class="header-anchor">#</a> 专家系统</h4> <p><strong>专家系统属于人工智能范畴</strong></p> <p><strong>特点：</strong></p> <ul><li>超越时间限制</li> <li>操作成本低廉</li> <li>易于传递和复制</li> <li>处理手段一致</li> <li>善于克服难题</li> <li>使用特定领域</li></ul> <p><strong>组成：</strong></p> <ul><li>知识库</li> <li>知识获取</li> <li>综合数据库</li> <li>推理机制</li> <li>解释程序</li> <li>人机接口</li></ul> <h4 id="办公自动化系统"><a href="#办公自动化系统" class="header-anchor">#</a> 办公自动化系统</h4> <p><strong>组成：</strong></p> <ul><li>计算机设备</li> <li>办公设备</li> <li>数据通信及网络设备</li> <li>软件系统</li></ul> <h4 id="企业资源规划erp"><a href="#企业资源规划erp" class="header-anchor">#</a> 企业资源规划ERP</h4> <p>企业的所以资源包括三大流：<strong>物流</strong>、<strong>资金流</strong>和<strong>信息流</strong>。ERP也就是对这3种资源进行全面集成管理的系统。</p> <p><strong>核心模块：</strong></p> <ul><li>生产预测</li> <li>销售管理</li> <li>经营计划</li> <li>主生产计划</li> <li>物料需求计划</li> <li>能力需求计划</li> <li>车间作业计划</li> <li>采购与库存管理</li> <li>财务管理</li></ul> <p><strong>ERP的功能：</strong></p> <ul><li>支持决策</li> <li>为处于不同行业的企业提供有针对性的IT解决方案</li> <li>从企业内部的供应链发展为全行业和跨行业的供应链</li></ul> <h3 id="_1-3-信息安全基础知识"><a href="#_1-3-信息安全基础知识" class="header-anchor">#</a> 1-3 信息安全基础知识</h3> <blockquote><p>可能涉及论文</p></blockquote> <h4 id="信息安全的概念"><a href="#信息安全的概念" class="header-anchor">#</a> 信息安全的概念</h4> <ul><li><p>机密性</p></li> <li><p>完整性</p></li> <li><p>可用性</p></li> <li><p>可控性</p></li> <li><p>可审查</p></li> <li><p>设备安全</p></li> <li><p>数据安全</p></li> <li><p>内容安全</p></li> <li><p>行为安全</p></li></ul> <h3 id="_1-4-信息系统安全的作用与意义"><a href="#_1-4-信息系统安全的作用与意义" class="header-anchor">#</a> 1-4 信息系统安全的作用与意义</h3> <blockquote><p>2014年中央成立了中央网络安全与信息化领导小组</p> <p>《中华人民共和国网络安全法》 2017.6.1 起施行</p> <p>《中华人民共和国数据安全法》 2021.9.1 起正式施行</p></blockquote> <h3 id="_1-5-信息系统安全的组成框架"><a href="#_1-5-信息系统安全的组成框架" class="header-anchor">#</a> 1-5 信息系统安全的组成框架</h3> <ul><li>技术体系
<ul><li>基础安全设备</li> <li>计算机网络安全</li> <li>操作系统安全</li> <li>数据库安全</li> <li>终端设备安全</li></ul></li> <li>组织体系
<ul><li>决策</li> <li>管理</li> <li>执行</li></ul></li> <li>管理体系
<ul><li>法律</li> <li>制度</li> <li>培训</li></ul></li></ul> <h3 id="_1-6-信息加密技术"><a href="#_1-6-信息加密技术" class="header-anchor">#</a> 1-6 信息加密技术</h3> <ul><li>对称加密：加解密秘钥相同
<ul><li>DES</li> <li>3DES</li> <li>RC-5</li> <li>IDEA</li> <li>AES</li> <li>SM1</li> <li>SM4</li> <li>SM7</li> <li>祖冲之密码算法ZUC</li></ul></li> <li>非对称加密：加解密秘钥不同。发送方使用接收方的公钥进行加密
<ul><li>RSA</li> <li>ECC椭圆曲线</li> <li>SM2</li> <li>SM9</li></ul></li></ul> <h3 id="_1-7-密钥管理技术"><a href="#_1-7-密钥管理技术" class="header-anchor">#</a> 1-7 密钥管理技术</h3> <p><strong>秘钥分配要解决的两个问题：</strong></p> <ul><li>引进自动分配秘钥机制，提高系统效率</li> <li>尽可能减少系统驻留的秘钥量</li></ul> <p><strong>对称秘钥分配：</strong></p> <ul><li>物理手段</li> <li>由第3方选取秘钥，再通过物理手段分别发送A、B</li> <li>A、B事先有一个秘钥，其中一方选取新秘钥后，用已有的秘钥加密该新秘钥发送</li> <li>三方A、B、C各有一保密信道，C选取秘钥后，分别通过A、B各自的保密信道发送</li></ul> <h3 id="_1-8-访问控制与数字签名技术"><a href="#_1-8-访问控制与数字签名技术" class="header-anchor">#</a> 1-8 访问控制与数字签名技术</h3> <p>主体请求客体过程的访问控制</p> <p>主体：用户、进程、应用、设备</p> <p>客体：文件、进程、数据库、设备</p> <p><strong>类型：</strong></p> <ul><li>强制访问控制</li> <li>自主范文控制</li> <li>基于角色的访问控制</li></ul> <p><strong>特点：</strong></p> <ul><li>数字签名用于身份验证</li> <li>私钥加密、公钥解密</li></ul> <p><strong>签名方</strong></p> <ul><li>对<code>明文</code>进行<code>哈希计算</code>产生<code>数字摘要</code></li> <li>对<code>数字摘要</code>用<code>私钥</code>进行加密产生<code>数字签名</code></li> <li>再将<code>数字签名</code>和<code>明文</code>传输给验证方</li></ul> <p><strong>验证方</strong></p> <ul><li>对<code>数字签名</code>使用<code>公钥</code>解密得到<code>数字摘要</code></li> <li>对<code>明文</code>进行<code>哈希计算</code>得到<code>数字摘要</code></li> <li>两个<code>数字摘要</code>进行匹配</li></ul> <h3 id="_1-9-信息安全的抗攻-击技术"><a href="#_1-9-信息安全的抗攻-击技术" class="header-anchor">#</a> 1-9 信息安全的抗攻/击技术</h3> <ul><li>拒绝服务攻击DoS，DoS是使系统不可访问并因此拒绝合法的用户请求，侵犯系统的可用性。</li> <li>分布式拒绝服务攻击DDoS</li> <li>同步包风爆，是用于最广泛的一种DoS攻击方式，攻击TCP协议建立连接的三次握手，让目标主机等待连接完成而耗尽资源。可以减少等待超时时间来防范。</li> <li><strong>ARP欺骗：</strong> ARP协议是解析IP地址为MAC网卡物理地址，欺骗该机制即可阻断正常的网络访问</li> <li>DNS欺骗：</li> <li>IP欺骗：可以用防火墙防范</li> <li>端口扫描：</li> <li><strong>ICMP攻击：</strong> Internet控制报文协议。它是TCP/IP协议簇的一个子协议，用于在P主机、路由器之间传递控制消息。控制消息是指网络通不通、主机是否可达、路由是否可用等网络本身的消息。攻击者可以利用利用操作系统规定的ICMP数据包的最大尺寸不超过64KB这一规定，达到使TCP/P堆栈崩溃、主机死机的效果。防范方法是打补丁、升级到新版操作系统。</li> <li><strong>SNMP攻击：</strong> 简单网络管理协议，常用于管理网络设备，早期的SNMP V1协议缺少认证，可能被攻击者入侵。防范方法是升级SNMP协议到V2以上并设置访问密码。</li> <li>系统漏洞扫描：</li></ul> <h3 id="_1-10-信息安全的保障体系与评估方法"><a href="#_1-10-信息安全的保障体系与评估方法" class="header-anchor">#</a> 1-10 信息安全的保障体系与评估方法</h3> <h4 id="计算机信息系统安全保护等级"><a href="#计算机信息系统安全保护等级" class="header-anchor">#</a> 计算机信息系统安全保护等级</h4> <ul><li>第1级：<strong>用户自主保护级</strong>，隔离用户与数据，使用户具备自主安全保护的能力。</li> <li>第2级：系统审计保护级，通过登录规程，审计安全相关事件和隔离资源，使用户对自己的行为负责。</li> <li>第3级：安全标记保护级，安全策略模型，数据标记以及主体对客体强制访问控制的非形式化描述；具有准确地标记输出信息能力；消除通过测试发现的任何错误。</li> <li>第4级：结构化保护级，系统具有相当的抗渗透能力</li> <li>第5级：访问验证保护级，系统具有很高的抗渗透能力</li></ul> <h4 id="安全风险管理"><a href="#安全风险管理" class="header-anchor">#</a> 安全风险管理</h4> <ul><li>风险评估范围</li> <li>风险评估目标</li> <li>建立适当的组织结构</li> <li>建立系统性的风险评估方法</li> <li>获得最高管理者对风险评估策划的批准</li></ul></div> <!----> <footer class="page-edit"><div class="edit-link"><a href="https://github.com/YiShanQingF/LearningNotes/edit/master/docs/md/sad/必修3-信息系统基础.md" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">在 GitHub 上编辑此页</a> <span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg> <span class="sr-only">(opens new window)</span></span></div> <div class="last-updated"><span class="prefix">上次更新: </span> <span class="time">2024/7/28</span></div></footer> <div class="page-nav"><p class="inner"><span class="prev">
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          Github
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          OSChina
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          思否
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          掘金
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          Linux公社
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          IBM 开发者
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          StackOverflow
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